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I am an archaeologist who works in Mongolia. So maybe I can shed some light on this in general and in Mongolia specifically.As for why we would dig graves? In Mongolia, the archaeological record is dominated by these features, basically starting by the Late Bronze Age (c.1600-1000 BC) and coinciding with the widespread adoption of mobile pastoralism. It is at this period, that what other Eurasian archaeologists call kurgans appear. Unlike most regions across the world, these ancient graves are still visible on the modern ground surface–i.e. the stone markings (rings, squares, mounds, etc. depending on the time period and mortuary culture these vary) that were originally placed when the grave was dug. You can literally see Late Bronze Age cemeteries as you drive by in a car. Conversely, because of the nature of nomadic pastoralism, habitation sites associated with periods of Mongolian archaeology are difficult to find and thus underrepresented in analysis. So, one reason to dig graves in Mongolia, as an archaeologist, is almost a practical one as cynical as that might sound. Another more widespread reason why any archaeologist might be interested in excavating a cemetery is that their research questions/interests are best answered by studying/analyzing material culture/skeletal remains/organics that you could recover from a grave, but probably not from other contexts.Bite a Kneecap Detroit Tigers shirt would be example of this. If a researcher was interested in understanding changes in human genetics over time for a region such research would require analyzing human skeletal remains. Normally, and this is basically the ethical best practices of this research in general, you would want to work with human remains from museum/university collections. That is, you would want to try to do your research without having to remove/excavate any additional graves.
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If you talked to archaeologists, you would probably find more older than younger archaeologist who would fit into the camp of “science for the sake of preserving human history”. This type of blind research has dissipated significantly in the last 100 years, and especially in the last 30. Where fields of study like “community archaeology” and the institution of Bite a Kneecap Detroit Tigers shirt in US for example, have forced many archaeologists to consider exactly why they are excavating certain sites and whether or not all the stake holders (the archaeologists, local community/tribe, local officials, etc.) are on board and informed about the work. In Mongolia, it is virtually impossible to direct an archaeological project as a foreigner (I am American) without something similar. Every foreign project in Mongolia has a Mongolian co-director. You can’t just show up in the country and start digging. If you brought a shovel and just went around prospecting for Chinggis Khan (the Mongolian transliteration of the name), I am fairly certain at best you would get the shit kicked out of you. So, the reality of running a project involves working directly with a Mongolian colleague, applying for and receiving a work permit from the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, checking in with local officials (often the mayor) in the nearest village (or soum) to your excavations, and if you have any sense what’s so ever, you spend time driving around to local families, talking to them (and usually buying sheep from them and drinking milk tea) and attending local meetings to present yourselves and your research to the community. This is not only the right thing to do, but the smart thing to do. Mongolia, like many parts of the world, has significant problems with looting. Without letting the community know you, they will assume you are either looters or basically prospectors illegally looking for precious metals. Both of which are really bad to be labelled as.
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